Genome wide association study of Arabidopsis seed mucilage layers at a regional scale.

The myxospermous species Arabidopsis thaliana extrudes a polysaccharidic mucilage from the seed coat epidermis during imbibition. The whole seed mucilage can be divided into a seed-adherent layer and a fully soluble layer, both layers presenting natural genetic variations. The adherent mucilage is variable in size and composition, while the soluble mucilage is variable in composition and physical properties. Studies reporting both the genetic architecture and the putative selective agents acting on this natural genetic variation are scarce. In this study, we set up a Genome Wide Association study (GWAS) based on 424 natural accessions collected from 166 natural populations of A. thaliana located south-west of France and previously characterized for a very important number of abiotic and biotic factors. We identified an extensive genetic variation for both mucilage layers. The adherent mucilage was mainly related to precipitation and temperature whereas the non-adherent mucilage was unrelated to any environmental factors. By combining a hierarchical Bayesian model with a local score approach, we identified 55 and 28 candidate genes, corresponding to 26 and 10 QTLs for the adherent and non-adherent mucilages, respectively. Putative or characterized function and expression data available in the literature were used to filter the candidate genes. Only one gene among our set of candidate genes was already described as a seed mucilage actor, leaving a large set of new candidates putatively implicated inseed mucilage synthesis or release. The present study lay out foundation to understand the influence of regional ecological factors acting on seed mucilage in A. thaliana.

High pressure homogenization: A promising approach to expand food applications of chia mucilage.

Two chia mucilages with different viscosities, obtained by extraction conditions optimized in a previous work, were homogenized by high pressure homogenization (HPH). Particle size, molecular weight, zeta potential, FTIR spectrum, rheological properties, water absorption capacity, water holding capacity and iron binding capacity were determined on both mucilages treated and without treatment. Homogenization led to a significant reduction in viscosity respect to chia mucilage controls, which can be related to the decrease in particle size and molecular weight. A high iron binding capacity was obtained for both mucilages. FTIR spectra of both mucilages with iron showed displacements in bands related with stretching of carboxylic uronic acids, suggesting the interaction site with this mineral. This interaction was also verified by particle size determination with a displacement to higher sizes in the presence of iron. Potential zeta showed a significant reduction in the presence of iron. A model to explain the binding between chia mucilage and iron is proposed. HPH appears as an alternative to expand chia mucilage functionality reducing the viscosity of chia mucilage solutions for the offer of a new ingredient also with optimal levels of hydration and iron binding capacity.

Fabrication and characterization of talipot starch-based biocomposite film using mucilages from different plant sources: A comparative study.

Biocomposite films were prepared by formulating talipot starch with plant mucilage derived from shoeblack leaves, okra, and seeds of basil, fenugreek, and flax, which were identified as SBM-TSF, OKM-TSF, BSM-TSF, FGM-TSF, and FXM-TSF, respectively. The plant mucilages enhanced the crosslinking of the filmogenic solutions, which increased the film's relative crystallinity. Upon topographical investigation, the biocomposite films exhibited the same compact and homogeneous structures as the native talipot starch film (NTSF), but with finer corrugations. When compared to NTSF, the addition of plant mucilage decreased the moisture content while increasing the thickness and opacity. SBM-TSF showed significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) solubility and water vapor permeability, indicating that increased crosslink formation in the film obstructed the water vapor passage. Among all the biocomposite films, the BSM-TSF had the greatest tensile strength, making it more resistant to stretching. Among the studied biocomposite films, SBM-TSF and BSM-TSF demonstrated improved thermal and biodegradation stability.

Plant leaf mucilage/carrageenan/Eudragit® NE30D blended films: Optimization, characterization, and pharmaceutical application.

Mucilage of C. pareira leaves was utilized, being manufactured for use in pharmaceutical products. Carrageenan and Eudragit® NE30D were used to combined. Glycerin was used as a plasticizer at a concentration of 20 % w/w based on the amount of polymer used. Computer software optimized its characteristics, including tensile properties, moisture uptake, and erosion; the optimal formulation was 1.4:1.2:2.8. The percentages of optimization error ranged from 8.48 to 13.80 %. Propranolol HCl was mixed to an optimal formulation. The film layer was tight, homogeneous, and smooth, with no holes. DSC thermogram showed no interaction peaks at 101.33 °C and 170.50 °C. Propranolol HCl concentration in the film ranged from 2.18 to 2.20 mg/cm2. Propranolol HCl was quickly released from the film. The kinetic model for the release profile was first-order kinetic. Although propranolol HCl had a high-release profile, its skin permeation was limited. The permeation lag time, Jss, and Kp were 1.60-2.65 h, 0.0182-0.0338 µg/cm2/h, and 9.10-15.35 cm/h, respectively. A significant amount of propranolol HCl residue was found on the skin's surface. Glycerin appeared to influence propranolol HCl permeability. Therefore, the plant leaf mucilage/carrageenan/Eudragit® NE30D blended film can be utilized in pharmaceutical applications to control drug release from its film layer.

Seed mucilage as a defense against granivory is influenced by substrate characters.

Many seeds are consumed by granivores despite numerous adaptations to prevent detection or exploitation. The environment can influence the efficacy of these defensive traits. Understanding the mechanisms by which environmental factors modify defensive efficacy is important for understanding spatial patterns of granivory and seed recruitment. Seed mucilage is a sticky coating that binds imbibed seeds to substrates; this attachment has been demonstrated to lessen exploitation by granivores. Seed mucilage as a defense has been recognized for decades, though rarely studied. Here, we investigated whether the environment alters this seed defense by addressing two questions: (1) Does substrate particle size affect attachment strength? (2) Does a change in particle size lead to changes in granivore-related mortality? In the field experiment, ants removed more seeds from finer substrates than their coarser counterparts. Across that same grit range, seeds took less force to dislodge when mucilage-bound to fine sandpaper; however, an investigation across a wider range of grits demonstrated nonlinearities occurred for many species, probably due to structural and chemical mucilage properties. Small differences in substrate grit lead to differential mortality in mucilaginous seeds due to alterations in attachment strength, suggesting that the defensive efficacy of this trait differs across the landscape. This work paves the way for a more integrative look at mucilaginous seeds. Seed mucilage is a widespread trait that is easily studied and has important demographic implications. It represents an ideal system to examine dispersal, germination, and granivory to gain a more holistic view of seed ecology.

Biochemical data documenting variations in mucilage polysaccharides in a range of glycosyltransferase mutants.

During Arabidopsis seed coat development, copious amounts of mucilage polysaccharides are produced in the epidermal cells. When hydrated on imbibition, these polysaccharides expand and are released to encapsulate the seed as a two-layered hydrogel. Polysaccharides are synthesized from UDP-sugars by glycosyltransferases (GTs) and several GTs, with differing activities, have been identified that contribute to mucilage polysaccharide synthesis. How these GTs orchestrate production of the complex polysaccharides found in mucilage remains to be determined. In this study, we generated a range of multiple GT mutants using either CRISPR/Cas9 targeted mutation or genetic crosses of existing T-DNA insertion mutants. Four traits for mucilage amounts or macromolecular properties were examined for four replicate seed lots from 31 different GT mutant combinations. This data provides a valuable resource for future genetic, biochemical, structural, and functional studies of the roles and properties of polysaccharides present in Arabidopsis mucilage and the relative contributions of different GTs to mucilage production.

Berberine bridge enzyme-like oxidases of cellodextrins and mixed-linked ß-glucans control seed coat formation.

Plants have evolved various resistance mechanisms to cope with biotic stresses that threaten their survival. The BBE23 member (At5g44360/BBE23) of the Arabidopsis berberine bridge enzyme-like (BBE-l) protein family (Arabidopsis thaliana) has been characterized in this paper in parallel with the closely related and previously described CELLOX (At4g20860/BBE22). In addition to cellodextrins, both enzymes, renamed here as CELLODEXTRIN OXIDASE 2 and 1 (CELLOX2 and CELLOX1), respectively, oxidize the mixed-linked ß-1→3/ß-1→4-glucans (MLGs), recently described as capable of activating plant immunity, reinforcing the view that the BBE-l family includes members that are devoted to the control of the homeostasis of potential cell wall-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The 2 putatively paralogous genes display different expression profiles. Unlike CELLOX1, CELLOX2 is not expressed in seedlings or adult plants and is not involved in immunity against Botrytis cinerea. Both are instead expressed in a concerted manner in the seed coat during development. Whereas CELLOX2 is expressed mainly during the heart stage, CELLOX1 is expressed at the immediately later stage, when the expression of CELLOX2 decreases. Analysis of seeds of cellox1 and cellox2 knockout mutants shows alterations in the coat structure: the columella area is smaller in cellox1, radial cell walls are thicker in both cellox1 and cellox2, and the mucilage halo is reduced in cellox2. However, the coat monosaccharide composition is not significantly altered, suggesting an alteration of the organization of the cell wall, thus reinforcing the notion that the architecture of the cell wall in specific organs is determined not only by the dynamics of the synthesis/degradation of the main polysaccharides but also by its enzymatic oxidation.

MYB-bHLH-TTG1 in a Multi-tiered Pathway Regulates Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage Biosynthesis Genes Including PECTIN METHYLESTERASE INHIBITOR14 Required for Homogalacturonan Demethylesterification.

MYB-bHLH-TTG1 (MBW) transcription factor (TF) complexes regulate Arabidopsis seed coat biosynthesis pathways via a multi-tiered regulatory mechanism. The MYB genes include MYB5, MYB23 and TRANSPARENT TESTA2 (TT2), which regulate GLABRA2 (GL2), HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS2 (HDG2) and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA2 (TTG2). Here, we examine the role of PECTIN METHYLESTERASE INHIBITOR14 (PMEI14) in seed coat mucilage pectin methylesterification and provide evidence in support of multi-tiered regulation of seed coat mucilage biosynthesis genes including PMEI14. The PMEI14 promoter was active in the seed coat and developing embryo. A pmei14 mutant exhibited stronger attachment of the outer layer of seed coat mucilage, increased mucilage homogalacturonan demethylesterification and reduced seed coat radial cell wall thickness, results consistent with decreased PMEI activity giving rise to increased PME activity. Reduced mucilage release from the seeds of myb5, myb23, tt2 and gl2, hdg2, ttg2 triple mutants indicated that HDG2 and MYB23 play minor roles in seed coat mucilage deposition. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis found that MYB5, TT8 and seven mucilage pathway structural genes are directly regulated by MYB5. Expression levels of GL2, HDG2, TTG2 and nine mucilage biosynthesis genes including PMEI14 in the combinatorial mutant seeds indicated that these genes are positively regulated by at least two of those six TFs and that TTG1 and TTG2 are major regulators of PMEI14 expression. Our results show that MYB-bHLH-TTG1 complexes regulate mucilage biosynthesis genes, including PMEI14, both directly and indirectly via a three-tiered mechanism involving GL2, HDG2 and TTG2.

Regulation of seed coat mucilage production and modification in Arabidopsis.

The Arabidopsis seed coat mucilage is a polysaccharide-rich matrix synthesized by the seed coat epidermal cells. It is a specialized cell wall mainly composed of three types of polysaccharides (i. e. pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose), and represents as an ideal model system for plant cell wall research. A large number of genes responsible for the synthesis and modification of cell wall polysaccharides have been identified using this model system. Moreover, a subset of regulators controlling mucilage production and modification have been characterized, and the underlying transcriptional regulatory mechanisms have been elucidated. This substantially contributes to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying mucilage synthesis and modification. In this review, we concisely summarize the various genes and regulators involved in seed coat cell differentiation, mucilage biosynthesis and modification, and secondary cell wall formation. In particular, we put emphasis on the latest knowledge gained regarding the transcriptional regulation of mucilage production, which is composed of a hierarchal cascade with three-layer transcriptional regulators. Collectively, we propose an updated schematic framework of the genetic regulatory network controlling mucilage production and modification in the Arabidopsis mucilage secretory cells.

Mucilage polysaccharide as a plant secretion: Potential trends in food and biomedical applications.

Current trends are shifting away from using synthetic compounds in favor of discovering new natural component sources that will allow them to create goods that are healthful, environmentally friendly, sustainable, and profitable. The food industry, in light of these trends, has opted to look for safe natural ingredients that will allow the production of low-fat, artificial-additive-free, gluten-free, prebiotic, and fortified foods. Similarly, the pharmaceutical and medical industries have attempted to apply natural ingredients to address the challenges related to biomaterials more efficiently than synthetic ingredients. Against this background, plant mucilage has proven to be a polysaccharide with excellent health features and technological properties, useful for both food and biomedical applications. Many studies have shown that its inclusion in different food matrices improves the quality of the products obtained under appropriate reformulations. At the same time, plant mucilage has been indicated to be a very interesting matrix in biomedical field especially tissue engineering applications since it has been emerged to favor tissue regeneration with its highly biocompatible structure. This concise review discusses the most recent advances of the applications of plant mucilage in different foods as well as its recent use in biomedical field. In this context, firstly, a general definition of mucilage was made and information about plant-based mucilage, which is frequently used, about the plant parts they are found in, their content and how they are obtained are presented. Then, the use of mucilage in the food industry including bakery products, meat emulsions, fermented dairy products, ice cream, and other foods is presented with case studies. Afterwards, the use of plant mucilage in the biomedical field, which has attracted attention in recent years, especially in applications with tissue engineering approach such as scaffolds for tissue regeneration, wound dressings, drug delivery systems and pharmaceutical industry was evaluated.

Mucilage cells in the flower of Rosales species: reflections on morphological diversity, classification, and functions.

The presence of mucilage cells in plants, studied mainly in vegetative organs, is a condition shared by several taxonomic groups and aspects related to their diversity have been discussed with systematic purposes. This study explores the flower distribution and classification of mucilage cells in Rosales species, with inferences about flower functions. Floral buds from fifty-seven species representing seven of nine families recognized in the Rosales were sampled and processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. Mucilage cells were found in about 40% of the studied species of Cannabaceae, Rhamnaceae, Ulmaceae, and Urticaceae families, whereas no floral mucilage cells were found in species of Elaeagnaceae, Moraceae, and Rosaceae. Mucilage cells were found in the epidermis and internal tissues of many organs of different floral morph types. There is a great diversity of forms of presentation of mucilage in cells, from smaller individualized single cells to very bulky cells and to completely filled mucilage reservoirs. In some cases, cells with mucilage apparently in the cell wall and others with mucilage in the vacuole seem to occur side by side. This diversity challenges the existing classifications of mucilage cells and reinforces the importance of ontogenetic and ultrastructural studies following the path of mucilage in cells in order to propose a more natural classification and to elucidate the evolution of mucilage cells in plants.

Novel constituents of Salvia hispanica L. (chia) nutlet mucilage and the improved in vitro fermentation of nutlets when ground.

Upon wetting, chia (Salvia hispanica L.) nutlets produce a gel-like capsule of polysaccharides called mucilage that comprises a significant part of their dietary fibre content. Seed/nutlet mucilage is often used as a texture modifying hydrocolloid and bulking dietary fibre due to its water-binding ability, though the utility of mucilage from different sources is highly structure-function dependent. The composition and structure of chia nutlet mucilage is poorly defined, and a better understanding will aid in exploiting its dietary fibre functionality, particularly if, and how, it is utilised by gut microbiota. In this study, microscopy, chromatography, mass spectrometry and glycome profiling techniques showed that chia nutlet mucilage is highly complex, layered, and contains several polymer types. The mucilage comprises a novel xyloamylose containing both ß-linked-xylose and α-linked-glucose, a near-linear xylan that may be sparsely substituted, a modified cellulose domain, and abundant alcohol-soluble oligosaccharides. To assess the dietary fibre functionality of chia nutlet mucilage, an in vitro cumulative gas production technique was used to determine the fermentability of different chia nutlet preparations. The complex nature of chia nutlet mucilage led to poor fermentation where the oligosaccharides appeared to be the only fermentable substrate present in the mucilage. Of note, ground chia nutlets were better fermented than intact whole nutlets, as judged by short chain fatty acid production. Therefore, it is suggested that the benefits of eating chia as a "superfood", could be notably enhanced if the nutlets are ground rather than being consumed whole, improving the bioaccessibility of key nutrients including dietary fibre.

Biodegradable film based on cress seed mucilage, modified with lutein, maltodextrin and alumina nanoparticles: Physicochemical properties and lutein controlled release.

In this study, maltodextrin (MDex), lutein pigment (Lut) and alumina (Al) were used to modify biodegradable film based on cress seed mucilage (Muc/MDex/Lut/Al). Central composite design (CCD) was used to study the effects of MDex, Lut and Al on the physical and chemical properties of the mucilage based film. The physicochemical, mechanical, antimicrobial and structural properties of the films were studied by various techniques such as FTIR, SEM, and XRD and TGA. The release of lutein from the film was investigated at 25 °C for 15 days. The results showed that lutein, alumina and maltodextrin increased the film thickness and lutein decreased the solubility and moisture content of the film. Maltodextrin improved the mechanical properties of the film and lutein reduced the film's flexibility. Lutein greatly increased its antioxidant properties, but alumina slightly increased its antioxidant properties. Lutein, alumina and maltodextrin improved the antibacterial properties of the film. Muc/MDex/Lut/Al film showed 26 ± 0.5 and 23 ± 0.8 mm non-growth halo against to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. Maltodextrin filled the surface cracks, but lutein increased the surface cracks of mucilage film. The amorphous structure of the pure cress seed mucilage film was confirmed by XRD, which the alumina and lutein gave crystalline properties in the film. Maltodextrin and alumina increased the thermal stability of the film. The release results showed that the release rate of lutein depends on the structure of the film and by changing the structure of the film, the release rate can be purposefully controlled according to the required release rate.

Unraveling the relationship between conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of chia mucilage and viscosity.

BACKGROUND: The application of chia mucilage still remains restricted due to the difficulty in achieving high extraction yields. The effect of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions (temperature, seed:water ratio and time) on the rheological properties of chia mucilage extracts and the relation to the proportion of translucent phase (TP) and opaque phase (OP) of the mucilage in the extract were evaluated. RESULTS: UAE allowed the efficient extraction of chia mucilage from chia seeds. The desired overall optimal combination to maximize both yield and apparent viscosity was achieved at a seed:water ratio 1:10, a temperature of 25.3 °C and 53.7 min extraction time; the optimal conditions to obtain the maximum yield and minimum apparent viscosity were a seed:water ratio close to 1:20, temperature of 48.8 °C and 208.4 min extraction time. CONCLUSION: The results obtained in the present work demonstrated that the differences in rheological properties of chia mucilage extracts are due to the extraction methods used. Therefore, it is possible to modulate the extraction conditions in order to obtain different characteristics of the mucilage, maintaining a high extraction yield. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Development of metformin HCl granules using brown flaxseed mucilage as a retardant polymer: effects of polymer and drug ratio

Abstract Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is the seed of a multipurpose plant of pharmaceutical interest, as its mucilage can be used as a natural matrix to develop extended-release dosage forms and potentially replace synthetic polymers. In this study, a 3² factorial design with two replicates of the central point was applied to optimize the development of extended-release granules of metformin HCl. The total fiber content of the mucilage as well as the friability and dissolution of the formulations were evaluated. The lyophilized mucilage presented a high total fiber content (42.63%), which suggests a high efficiency extraction process. Higher concentrations of the mucilage and metformin HCl yielded less friable granules. In addition, lower concentrations of metformin HCl and higher concentrations of the mucilage resulted in slower drug release during the dissolution assays. The release kinetics for most formulations were better represented by the Hixson-Crowell model, while formulations containing a higher concentration of the mucilage were represented by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Nonetheless, five formulations showed a longer release than the reference HPMC formulation. More desirable results were obtained with a higher concentration of the mucilage (13-18%) and a lower concentration of metformin (40%).

Extraction of polysaccharide from Althea rosea and its physicochemical, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive and antioxidant properties.

The valorization of new polymer sources from underutilized plants as structuring, encapsulating, and texturizing agents for food and nutraceutical applications is gaining attention. This provides an opportunity where inexpensive plant-sourced biopolymers can play an impactful role, on both ecological and economic aspects performing equivalently effectual yet cost-effective substitutes to synthetic polymers. With this aim, we explored the use of mucilage from Althea rosea and reveal its physicochemical, in vitro antidiabetic and antihypertensive activity. Besides, structural, micrometric, crystallization, and anti-microbial properties was also seen. We determined the probable structure of the extracted mucilage by FTIR which confirmed the residues of saccharides as galactose and uronic acid with α and ß configurations. It consists of 78.26% carbohydrates, 3.51% ashes, and 3.72% proteins. Here, we show that the mucilage offered protection to DNA against the oxidative damage caused by (-OH) radicals and the morphology of the mucilage particles displayed a fibrillary material settled in a net-like, tangled structure. Our results demonstrate that the reconstituted mucilage powder exhibited good water holding capacity (2.89 g water/g mucilage), solubility (27.33%), and oil holding capacity (1.79 g oil/g mucilage). Moreover, high emulsifying property (95.83%) and foaming capacity (17.04%) was noted. Our results indicate that A.rosea mucilage can potentially serve as economical and eco-friendly hydrocolloid substitute for the food and nutraceutical industry owing to its functional, hypo-lipidemic, anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-bacterial properties.

A new approach to nanocomposite carbohydrate polymer films: Levan and chia seed mucilage.

Plastic pollution is increasing day by day and the search for new, environmentally friendly products continues. Herein, for the first time, different degrees of mucilage were obtained from chia seeds and the film-forming behavior of levan biopolymer with these mucilages was investigated. Glycerol and sorbitol were used as plasticizers in the film design. Films prepared with sorbitol were characterized physically, mechanically and morphologically. The antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of the films were examined. The films formed as nanocomposites of levan and chia seed mucilages obtained at different temperatures (25 °C, 55 °C and 80 °C) exhibited structurally and mechanically different properties. It was observed that the films obtained with chia mucilages and levan preserved their antibacterial properties but lost their antifungal properties. In addition, quorum sensing property of the mucilage obtained at 55 °C during the investigation of the antibacterial property was reported for the first time with this study. The levan-based chia seed mucilages films obtained have the potential to be used in industrial and medical fields, and the nature-friendly nature of these films is very important for our green world.

Pectin methyltransferase QUASIMODO2 functions in the formation of seed coat mucilage in Arabidopsis.

Pectin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses are major components of primary cell walls in plants. In addition to cell adhesion and expansion, pectin plays a central role in seed mucilage. Seed mucilage contains abundant pectic rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and lower amounts of homogalacturonan (HG), cellulose, and hemicelluloses. Previously, accumulated evidence has addressed the role of pectin RG-I in mucilage production and adherence. However, less is known about the function of pectin HG in seed coat mucilage formation. In this study, we analyzed a novel mutant, designated things fall apart2 (tfa2), which contains a mutation in HG methyltransferase QUASIMODO2 (QUA2). Etiolated tfa2 seedlings display short hypocotyls and adhesion defects similar to qua2 and tumorous shoot development2 (tsd2) alleles, and show seed mucilage defects. The diminished uronic acid content and methylesterification degree of HG in mutant seed mucilage indicate the role of HG in the formation of seed mucilage. Cellulosic rays in mutant mucilage are collapsed. The epidermal cells of seed coat in tfa2 and tsd2 display deformed columellae and reduced radial wall thickness. Under polyethylene glycol treatment, seeds from these three mutant alleles exhibit reduced germination rates. Together, these data emphasize the requirement of pectic HG biosynthesis for the synthesis of seed mucilage, and the functions of different pectin domains together with cellulose in regulating its formation, expansion, and release.

Rheology of dispersions and emulsions composed of chia mucilage and the application of chia in food.

Chia mucilage (CM) is an emerging resource in food applications. However, the mechanism of this biopolymer as a stabilizer/emulsifier ingredient has not yet been well defined. A non-uniform viscoelastic tridimensional network was observed on emulsions with CM, while the surface activity of the CM ingredient has been associated with its protein content. To understand its functionality in food, this review focused on discussing and summarizing the rheological properties of dispersions and emulsions composed of CM under different conditions, such as pH, temperature, salt content, and mucilage content. For example, emulsions and dispersions with CM showed pseudoplastic behavior. An increase in the CM concentration increased the viscosity and the consistency index and decreased the behavior index. The consistency index of dispersions with CM increased with pH. The future evaluation of emulsions and dispersions properties, such as viscoelastic properties and microstructure, is particularly important for the successful use of CM in the food industry. The principal studies have evaluated the use of CM in dairy and meat systems as an emulsifier, stabilizer, or lipid replacer. The nutritional quality of the products with CM was maintained or improved, but sometimes an undesirable darkening was observed. Future evaluation of the cold extraction method of CM might improve the color and overall sensory acceptability of food products with CM. Integrated chia seed processing, including mucilage, oil, and protein extraction could be carried out to make chia seed industrial processing viable. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.